A 15-year randomized trial of 60 patients with bilateral knee osteoarthritis compared the long-term outcomes of interosseous (IO) vs. intra-articular (IA) bone marrow concentrate injections. Each patient received both treatments: one knee received IO BMC, the other knee received IA BMC. The IO treatment arm significantly outperformed the IA arm, resulting in superior clinical and MRI outcomes at two years and a drastically lower rate of total knee replacement (20% vs. 70%) at 15 years; furthermore, among patients who avoided surgery in both knees, 100% preferred the side treated with IO therapy.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00264-020-04687-7
